6.4 National and international regulation.
1.1.1 Debris history in particular years. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station. įor comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events-the 2007 Chinese antisat weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision-occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude. īelow 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth- altitude, pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT (nuclear-powered satellites). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft the smallest objects cause damage akin to sandblasting, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or star trackers that cannot easily be protected by a ballistic shield. When the smallest objects of artificial space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with micrometeoroids, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked. Īs of October 2019, the US Space Surveillance Network reported nearly 20,000 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris are conducted by some participants in the space industry. Space debris is typically a negative externality-it creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit-a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for in the cost by the launcher or payload owner. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft. In addition to derelict man-made objects left in orbit, other examples of space debris include fragments from their disintegration, erosion and collisions or even paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles from solid rocket motors. These include derelict spacecraft-nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages-mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, or space garbage) is defunct artificial objects in space-principally in Earth orbit-which no longer serve a useful function.
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